Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating.

Although the diversity (~35 species) and worldwide distribution of goats (Ruminantia, Bovidae, Caprinae) are significant, studies on the diversity of symbiont ciliates in these mammals are scarce in comparison to other ruminants. The present work is a review and checklist of species based on taxonomic, morphologic, and ecologic studies of rumen ciliate protozoa in goats, presenting geographic distribution and hosts, as well as estimating the macroevolutionary relationships of the species observed in the studies. To that end, all of the available literature on databases was reviewed, the schematic drawings were made based on information present in the original description of the taxa, and the phylogenetic relationships were inferred based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. According to our review, 72 species and 14 genera of ciliates have been associated with goats. Through the analysis of the association between ciliate genera and caprine hosts, it was shown that ciliates are more associated with domestic animals (Capra hircus14 genera) than wild ones (Rupicapra rupicaprasix genera, Capra ibexone genus, Capra pyrenaicaone genus). Thirteen countries were identified in the distribution map as having had reports of ciliate species associated with goats. The interaction networks of ciliates and their hosts showed that the species of ciliates associated with goats also occur in other herbivore mammal species. The recovered phylogenetic hypotheses show that the ciliate species in goats form a non-monophyletic group with maximum and minimum ages of ~8.2My and ~2.4My. We have also found that a large portion of the studies on the diversity of ciliates in goats does not employ all necessary techniques in an integrative way, despite it being essential for detailed descriptions and better knowledge of this fraction of biodiversity.

Religiosidade, espiritualidade e a vivência do câncer: um estudo fenomenológico / Religiosity, spirituality and the facing of cancer: a phenomenological study

Resumo Diferentes estratégias são utilizadas por pessoas com câncer para lidar com os variados eventos advindos dessa condição; dentre elas, a espiritualidade/religiosidade tem se mostrado um aspecto importante a ser considerado. Neste artigo, apresentamos os resultados de uma pesquisa que objetivou compreender como pacientes com câncer e em cuidados paliativos vivenciam a espiritualidade/religiosidade no processo de tratamento e o modo como essa dimensão se manifesta no enfrentamento da doença. A pesquisa qualitativa de orientação fenomenológica foi realizada em um hospital na cidade de Belém-PA e envolveu seis pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer internados na Clínica de Cuidados Paliativos Oncológicos - CCPO. A obtenção das informações se deu por meio de entrevistas semidirigidas gravadas em áudio, posteriormente transcritas e analisadas de acordo com a hermenêutica de Ricoeur, por meio de unidades de significação. Os principais resultados apontam para a espiritualidade/religiosidade como estratégia de enfrentamento diante do estado de adoecimento e da hospitalização. Essa dimensão se mostra patente na rotina dos pacientes que mantêm o envolvimento em atividades religiosas individuais e coletivas durante o tratamento. A vivência religiosa no ambiente hospitalar se mostrou uma via para o enfrentamento do processo de adoecimento e um dispositivo por meio do qual se criam estratégias individualizadas para a minimização do sofrimento.

Abstract Different strategies are used by people with cancer to deal with the various events resulting from this condition, among which, spirituality/religiosity is an important aspect to be considered. In this article, we present the results of a research that aimed to understand how patients with cancer and in palliative care experience spirituality/religiosity in the treatment process and how this dimension manifests itself in coping with the disease. The qualitative research with phenomenological orientation was carried out in a hospital in the city of Belém-PA and involved six patients diagnosed with cancer admitted to the Oncology Palliative Care Clinic - CCPO. The data was obtained through semi-directed interviews recorded in audio, later transcribed and analyzed according to Ricoeur's hermeneutics from units of meaning. The main results point to spirituality/religiosity as a coping strategy in the face of the state of illness and hospitalization. This dimension is evident in the routine of patients who maintain involvement in individual and collective religious activities during treatment. The religious experience in the hospital environment proved to be a way to face the illness process and a device through which individualized strategies are created to minimize suffering.